The word "Machiavellian" primarily describes a method of work that relates to the work of the Florentine theorist of the 16th century Nicolo Machiavelli. But the most common use is related to the qualities of people who are inspired by the book "The Prince of Machiavelli."
Oxford Dictionary says: "A person who intends usefulness rather than morality, a designer or a schematic. Usually the negative term ". Merriam Dictionary means "marked by cunning, VOLTE or improper word."
Researchers are often angered by the simple folk interpretations of Machiavelli's work, but his name escapes is wearing a large number of personages as successful as it is despicable. Here are some of them.
1. Tony Soprano - Sopranos
Fictional boss Soprano crime family in northern New Jersey is a happy man when lying, or throttle kills while following hold his throne.
But the crime boss said not much liking for the Prince and how his colleagues in Italy based crime of Machiavelli's work. Instead, he reads and practicing The Art of War by Chinese general and philosopher, Sun Tzu, after he was recommended by his therapist.
"Now most of çunave I know read Machiavelli's Prince. And I read the notes and Carmela and to some extent that's okay, but this book (The Art of War by Sun Tzu) is much better in terms of strategy. "
However, even a casual reader of the Prince will see the parallel with the operations of Tony Sopranos. Argued that the most prominent section of Prince is one that shows if a ruler is better loved by the people, or to be feared.
"And the question emerges: whether it is better that people love you more than to be afraid or to be more feared than to be loved?" Wrote Machiavelli. "Maybe the answer is that someone wants to be both, but, because it is hard to marry those two feelings of a person, and when you have to choose between the two, it is much more safe to be feared than to be loved. "
2. Francis Urquhart - House of Letters
Francis Urquhart (known by his initials PF), is a fictional politician with boundless ambition created by Michael Dobbs. He is without doubt a super-Machiavellian, with dark arts talent policy. He is played by actor Ian Richardson in the television series "House of Letters" in 1990.
Urquhart struggle for power, his ruthless cruelty and his political prowess makes it classic anti-hero, who is remembered for his slogan: "You can do it, I can not comment."
Relationship with Italian philosophy became known by screenwriter Andrew Davies. In the past, Urquhart gave lectures on the history of the Italian Renaissance before entering politics and is an expert on Medicin and Machiavelli. Like Prince, he is concerned for the purposes rather than for vehicles.
He appears as a man of many principles that represented the authoritarian social policies and a strict economic doctrine. On the other hand, he is deeply unprincipled in his quest for power.
Once was not allowed to be a minister when his candidate for prime minister came to power, Urquhart decided to destroy anyone who is on his way, and creates a mesh manipulation. He uses blackmail, betrayal and murder.
3. Tom Ripley
Amoral protagonist of Patricia Highsmith novel and film Anthony Minghella, the talented Mr. Ripley is a "real makiavelist". This is the view of contemporary philosopher John Gray.
"He is ready to use violence to achieve their goals, but only when he calculates that such a thing is necessary and will be effective. He is divorced from morality and traditional public has a mask that hides its goals and strategies. Rippley is the opposite of Machiavelli for his purposes. Machiavelli wanted to use the atrocity for political purposes - to achieve a self-governing republic - while Ripley is cruel in order to achieve personal goals clean - an abundant life comfortable and beautiful environments. In effect, Ripley is Machiavelli in the era of privatization ".
4. Iago - Othello
While Tony Soprano, Francis Urquhart and Tom Ripley are all facing rogue and their readers and viewers will not suffer liked, of Othello Iago is cut from a very different direction.
"Iago is makiavelisti Shakespeare's best known, however he never accepts any impact from Machiavelli", writes Professor Gordon McMullan Shakespeare Centre in London.
Jago shows that it is not used by anyone and gives us the impression that his actions had all thought itself. But ultimately, Jago completely fails to be Machiavellian, because he has no official position. He does not have the status necessary to borrow and obeying his Machiavelli.
Jagos motives are perverted, vetëkontradiktore and complex enough to challenge the efforts of many generations of critics of addressing them. Does what it does because it requires a hike, or because he thinks that Othello has slept with his wife, or that he has fallen in love with Othello himself?
TS Eliot observed that the influence of Machiavelli was "different history is misunderstood" - ie, Machiavelli described what does or should do the rulers of the city-states of Italy, in order to stay in power. He did not defend these kinds of actions and not meant that they had to do without worrying about the morality of actions. I misunderstood, Machiavelli is an infinite source of English drama.
5. Becky Sharp - Fair vanities
Ah, Lady Sharp, antiheroina novel "Fair vanities" Thaker William (William Thackeray). Sharp (i / sharp) as it is also the type name. She uses her wit and cunning to climb up the social scale through tools available only from a woman in England at that time - strategic flirting.
"Please note that Mrs. Sharp was not the kind of parents to provide sensitive to those issues and if she can not find a husband for himself, there was no one in the world that can take care of it," the writer notes.
The retail and attractive, Sharp is also the writer as "a new regular without wisdom." She uses wisdom with considerable effect, but not always happy.
For most of the book, her dislike for her son, Raudoni small, is visible. But at a family gathering for Christmas "after seeing that maternal care was fashionable," she calls to kiss him. As Machiavelli says the prince, as long as someone seems virtuous acts, most people will believe in its virtue. Public show of affection from Sharp ends badly when her son back and said loudly: "You do not ever kiss me at home mom".
6. Lord Lord Varys and Baelish - Game of Throne
The battle between Lord Varys (nicknamed Spider) and Petyr Baeliosh Lortie (nicknamed gishtvogli) is a war where both sides try each to be more Machiavellian than the other. It is a very sweet battle for supporting the game for Throne.
Eunice Varys is in the best tradition of Byzantine history, he has a good family or promotional opportunities through military career. Instead, he committed to protect their wealth and their lives making sure that it will always be necessary for those who might want to destroy.
As the king's spymaster, his nickname comes from the network of informants that he has created to collect data that needs to manipulate other people in order to achieve their interests.
Baelish is absolutely ruthless and vindictive significantly more than Varys. When one of his auxiliary information found on Varys, it delivers it sadistic king knowing that it would be shot dead.
He is ambitious, wants to win a noble status has not. His main ability is finance, eco Medici family, which, along few generations, transformed the financial power to political control of northern Italy.
In addition to controlling the finances of the house, gishtvogli deals with information, which is used to set factions against each other.
"Chaos is not a socket. Chaos is a degree, "he suggests. "Many of those who try to climb, fall and tend not ever again. The fall broke them. And some, because the chance to go up, refuse. They cling to the kingdom, gods or love. Illusions. Only the scale is real. Ascent is everything. "
7. Satan of Milton - Paradise Lost
"John Milton's Satan (John Milton) is a rebellious, charismatic, wicked and tragic hero - that comes from the pen of a radical and sincere Republican, who has read and understood the work of Machiavelli," wrote Filippo Del Lucchese , lecturer in politics and history at Brunel University.
"In the earliest writings of Milton, Machiavelli praised him for his radical views, including his conclusion that" popular uprisings are able to recover the freedom and therefore should not be punished, because they generally arise from causes and appeal rights. Machiavelli nënvijëzonte that is important for a prince to learn not to be good and use it. "
8. Marquise Isabelle de Merteuil - Les Liaisons Dangereuses
In the 18th century, writer Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Dangerous published book that has links to the main character Markezën Isabelle de Merteuil, which is half of a makiaveliane Duo aristocrats (the other half is the ruthless John Malkovich Vikonti of Valmontit). Using sex as a weapon to conquer those around her, Marquez cooks a tricky plan to retaliate against an ex-lover plagued by virtue of a young girl with whom he was expecting to marry.
It employs another former lover - Valmontin _ to play dirty to lure young daughter, Cecile Volanges. Markezës world is that of intrigue, manipulation and fraud. Like the Prince of Machiavelli, Marquez is both disgusting and charismatic.
A perfect schematic, it will stop at nothing to destroy men or women, as long as it retains control. When Valmont admires how she manages to push people to do what she wants, she explained how she has established herself in order to survive in a world dominated by men.
"When I came out into society I was 15 years old. Suddenly I knew what I was convicted role to play, just stay quiet, and to do what I say. But this gave me the perfect opportunity to listen and observe. I did not hear what people were telling me, which was of course no interest, but what people are trying to hide. I applied for separation. I learned how to look cheerful while under the table plunge fork in hand. I became a virtuoso of deception. It was not what I was looking for satisfaction that knowledge. I consulted with more severe moralists to learn how should shfaqesha, philosophers to understand what the writers to think and see what you can take and in the end, it all distilova on a simple principle and wonderful - victory or death ".
In a world where, according to Machiavelli, so many people are leaning towards "evil" to earn more than the dead, it is necessary, use it immoral strategies. Machiavelli could further explain the endless cruelty of Merteuil. Cruelty, he wrote, is a necessary evil to maintain order and is justified in the interest of the public good. Marquez, however, seem to use it just for personal satisfaction.
9. Francis Walsingham to Elizabeth
There was a real historical person, Francis Walsingham (Walsingham), but we are talking about the part played by Geoffrey Rush in the film "Elizabeth". Option to display about a homicide smiling, lifting rid of a young girl found in the status of the rival queen.
Ualsinghami real kryespiun has a reputation as a talented, who controls an informal network of spies in defense of Elizabeth and England during the reign characterized by endless intrigue. He had very little compassion when it came to torture Catholics looking for information about a plot. But the moral environment of the time it was typical for a man in this position.
10. Sonny LoSpecchio
A mafia else is in this list. The philosopher Bertrand Russell has described Prince "a guide for gangsters" and in the 1993 film by Robert De Niro, a Bronx tale, the book has an important role.
The ruthless crime boss Sonny LoSpeçhio I Shot a fellow teenager that he has read Machiavelli in prison and living in accordance with that book. His leadership concepts derived directly from Prince. LoSpecchio explains the importance of being "available" in the territory they control. In this way, he says, his allies will have "more reasons to love it" because it can rely on its defense, and enemies will have more reason to fear and "would think two because once closely know. "
The teenager then asks: "Is it better to be loved or to be feared?" LoSpechio responds: "That is a good question. It's nice to have both, but is more difficult. If I have to choose, then I choose to fear me. Fear lives longer than love. "
"Cheat", he continues, "is to be feared, but not to hate." It's almost as if he was talking himself Prince, but here the similarity ends. LoSpecchio dead ends - a fate that a wiser leader would emerge to avoid them.
Written by Kathryn Westcott, Finlo Rohrer and Megan Lane
Caption
1. James Gandolfini in the role of Tony Soprano and Edie Falco as his wife, Carmela
2. Francis Urquhart
3. Rory Kinnear in the role of Jagos (left) with Adrian Lester as Othello in a theater in London
5. Natasha Little in the role of Becky Sharp
6. Aiden Gillen as Lord Baelish (left) and Conleth Hill as Lord Varys
7. Love Triangle: Marquise de Merteuil, Valmont and Mrs de Vikonti Volanges
10. Chazz Palminteri in the role of Sonny LoSpecchio
Postulate
Anyone who placed first elected to office will surely reveal much greater when people are afraid to him than when people want "
Machiavelli, The Prince
Accounts
For a man who, in all respects, will pursue his profession only good, it is likely that he will fall down the middle so wicked
Machiavelli, The Prince
The surprise
The atrocity should be carried out thoroughly and immediately, because if done differently and at times, feels less and causes less crime "
Machiavelli, The Prince
Tom Ripley and the meaning of evil
Ripley is often described as a psychopath, but Highsmith disagrees. "Psychopath", she writes in the notebook, "is an average person who lives more wisely than allowing the world". By becoming a criminal, she believes, Ripley was living with more purpose than they do most people.
"Ripley does not allow his behavior governed by emotions, but whenever possible fraud follows a path well thought out in advance.
Machiavelli is misunderstood
Machiavelli is often cited but rarely understood, his ideas are reduced to a few maxims "bad" by Prince.
When King Frederick II of Prisusë writes that Machiavelli is one of the most dangerous thinkers in the history of political thought, it probably is not too far from the truth. But the question we ask is whether it is dangerous to whom. For absolute sovereigns and most widely opponents and popular democratic regimes?
The reality is that Machiavelli never stopped relying people he calls "the pact" nobles, aristocracy or the rich. Against rhetoric that continues to be dominant in our time, Machiavelli shows no power without printing. But it also shows that there is pressure not to face, sooner or later, with the resistance. Revising its function "philosophy of resistance" is needed to attempt to recover his ideas about a just society.
Filippo Del Lucchese, professor of political opinion in Brunel University
Paradise lost
Published in 1667 during the reign of Charles II
It can be seen as political allegory, with the fall of man in Eden, reflecting the loss of the republic so fond of Milton.
